Recent developments in the EU’s crypto regulation, particularly France’s alleged intention to block passported CASPs authorised in other Member States and transfer supervision to ESMA, raise key questions about the Markets in Crypto Assets Regulation’s (MiCA) enforcement scope—particularly whether host

The September session of the General Assembly of the United Nations (22-30 September, UNGA) was even more anticipated by the press, politicians and the public in general as usual. Lawyers interested in international law were curious about how the session

Why this debate matters now The European Union’s legal architecture rests on the supremacy of Union law, articulated through the doctrines established by the European Court of Justice (ECJ) in Costa v. ENEL (1964) and Simmenthal (1978). These doctrines enshrine a

On September 10 2025, Verfassungsblog published To Uniformity and Beyond. Hungary’s Supreme Court and the Implementation of CJEU Rulings. The article raised important questions about how Hungarian judicial institutions interact with the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)

Moving further from previous pieces published here on the topic of sovereignty protection regarding Hungary and the EU, an international comparison is now in order to see whether foreign influence is a real problem in other countries as well, and

Since Maslow, we have known that strong emotions — fear, anger, frustration — spread far more quickly than rational, calm dialogue. Today’s societies are dominated by social media algorithms designed to maximize attention (and thus profit), favoring divisive, emotionally charged

Large Language Models are fast becoming the mediators between information sources and users, so their value signals matter. A recent peer-reviewed study in Nature’s Humanities and Social Sciences Communications finds a measurable rightward shift in models’ political placement across versions,

In practical applications and in the context of World Models (WMs), industrial robotics is usually mentioned first, and for good reasons. A robot that relies on a world model does not merely repeat a pre-programmed sequence of movements. It notices

In recent years, Large Language Models (LLMs) and their multimodal counterparts have advanced considerably, yet their ability to understand the physical world and predict consequences remains limited. World Models (WMs) aim to fill this gap by building internal, time-evolving representations

“If freedom of expression is sacrificed in the struggle for democracy, there will no longer be anything worth fighting for.” This is a citation from a decision of the Czech Constitutional Court, which deals in detail with the case of

Rapid advances in neurotechnology, such as brain-computer interfaces, neuroimaging, and Artificial Intelligence-powered thought analysis systems, offer new opportunities to understand and influence the human brain. While these technologies are promising, they raise serious questions about the preservation of individual freedom,

The relationship between politics and various media outlets has played an important role in every political system. In democratic societies, the primary goal of the media is to inform the public through opinions and information. The media – to fulfill