The application of AI in the rehabilitation of cultural heritage extends beyond Timbuktu. AI technologies offer immense possibilities for the restoration and reconstruction of other destroyed sites around the world. For instance, machine learning algorithms can analyze archival photographs, historical records, and eyewitness accounts to recreate lost architectural structures or artworks. The use of virtual and augmented reality can provide immersive experiences, allowing visitors to interact with reconstructed heritage sites, even if they are physically inaccessible or no longer exist. 

This remarkable application of AI becomes even more evident when considering the case of Syria, especially the ancient city of Palmyra experienced unimaginable destruction during the conflict in 2015. However, hope emerged in the form of the Institute for Digital Archaeology, which harnessed the power of AI and 3D printing. By examining existing images and historical records, AI algorithms worked their magic, helping experts recreate intricate details of the destroyed artifacts, such as statues and architectural elements. It was astonishing to witness the replication of these lost treasures, breathing new life into the legacy of Palmyra.

The city of Mosul in Iraq faced a similar plight, with significant damage inflicted upon its cultural heritage sites, including the iconic Al-Nouri Mosque and the ancient Assyrian city of Nimrud. To aid in the immense task of restoration, researchers and preservationists turned to AI as a guiding light. They utilized AI to analyze photographs, satellite imagery, and historical documentation. Through the creation of digital models, AI lent its expertise, assisting in the rebuilding process and aiding in the documentation of the original architectural wonders. Witnessing the power of AI in the reconstruction of Mosul’s cultural heritage was truly inspiring.

The tragic destruction of the colossal Bamiyan Buddhas in Afghanistan by the Taliban in 2001 deeply impacted the world. Yet, even in the face of loss, AI offered a glimmer of hope. Researchers embarked on a mission to preserve the memory of these cultural icons and contribute to ongoing discussions on heritage. They combined archival photographs, 3D modeling, and AI algorithms to create virtual representations of the Buddhas. Through the magic of augmented reality, people could immerse themselves in these digital reconstructions, allowing for an emotional connection and a deeper understanding of the cultural significance that once graced the cliffs of Bamiyan.

Closer to home, the devastating fire that engulfed the Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris in 2019 shook the world. However, AI swiftly stepped in to lend its support in the restoration efforts. AI-powered drones took to the skies, surveying and assessing the damage to the beloved structure. Furthermore, AI algorithms tirelessly analyzed thousands of images and historical data, serving as invaluable tools in the accurate reconstruction of the damaged portions of the cathedral. Witnessing the collaboration between humans and AI in preserving such a cherished symbol of history and art was a testament to the potential of this technology.

These stories remind us of the incredible possibilities that AI brings to the restoration and preservation of our cultural heritage. Through AI’s ability to analyze, recreate, and guide, we can rebuild what was once lost and ensure that the legacies of our past continue to inspire and educate future generations. It is a beautiful fusion of technology and human dedication, working hand in hand to revive the wonders that define our shared history.

Since AI is a worldwide phenomenon, I figured that its usage would be more than necessary in Hungary as well. Hungary, my beloved homeland, is a treasure trove of cultural heritage that has withstood the test of time. Our nation’s rich history, vibrant traditions, and stunning architectural wonders are the embodiment of our identity and pride. As an AI enthusiast and a passionate advocate for preserving our cultural legacy, I believe that the integration of AI technologies holds tremendous potential to rebuild and enhance the cultural heritage of Hungary, ensuring its preservation for future generations to cherish. First and foremost, the magnificent castles and palaces scattered across Hungary stand as testaments to our glorious history. Structures such as the Buda Castle, the Castle of Eger, and the Grassalkovich Palace in Gödöllő have stood proudly for centuries, but time has taken its toll on these architectural marvels. With the aid of AI, we can meticulously reconstruct and restore the intricate details and missing elements of these historical landmarks. By utilizing AI algorithms to analyze historical records, architectural plans, and even photographs, we can recreate the grandeur of these structures in their original splendor. Another cultural heritage that could greatly benefit from AI is the realm of art. Hungary boasts an abundance of renowned artworks, from the captivating paintings of Mihály Munkácsy and Tivadar Csontváry Kosztka to the masterful sculptures of Béla Ohmann and József Róna. Unfortunately, some of these artworks have suffered damage or deterioration over time. By harnessing the power of AI, we can employ image analysis and restoration algorithms to reconstruct and revive these precious pieces. Through AI-driven techniques, we can restore faded colors, repair damaged surfaces, and recreate missing elements, allowing us to appreciate the full beauty of these artworks.

Furthermore, the preservation and digitization of our literary heritage are of paramount importance. Hungary has produced remarkable literary works, including the masterpieces of renowned authors such as Sándor Márai, Imre Kertész, and Magda Szabó. AI technologies, such as natural language processing (in particular machine translation, optical character recognition – OCR) and machine learning models, can aid in the transcription, translation, and analysis of historical texts and manuscripts. These advancements enable us to preserve our literary treasures, make them more accessible to future generations, and facilitate cross-cultural dialogue. 

I have to mention that during my research, I came across various authors and experts that fascinated me very much. While UNESCO and (as mentioned above), Microsoft advocated greatly for the use of AI in the protection of our cultural heritage sites, it was Dr. Marc Levoy’s, Dr. Kate Devlin’s, and Dr. Adam Rabinowitz’s works that inspired me the most. Dr. Levoy, a renowned computer graphics expert and Professor Emeritus at Stanford University, has advocated for the application of AI in reconstructing and restoring cultural heritage. He has conducted research on using AI algorithms to restore damaged or incomplete historical artworks and photographs. Dr. Devlin, a leading AI researcher and Senior Lecturer in the Department of Digital Humanities at King’s College London, has highlighted the potential of AI in cultural heritage preservation. She emphasizes the role of AI in enhancing access, interpretation, and engagement with cultural artifacts and historical sites. Lastly, Dr. Rabinowitz, an archaeologist and Senior Lecturer in the Department of Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies at the University of Texas at Austin, has explored the use of AI in archaeology and cultural heritage. His research focuses on using AI algorithms to automate the process of analyzing archaeological data and reconstructing ancient sites.

These stories remind us of the incredible possibilities that AI brings to the restoration and preservation of our cultural heritage. Through AI’s ability to analyze, recreate, and guide, we can rebuild what was once lost and ensure that the legacies of our past continue to inspire and educate future generations. It is a beautiful fusion of technology and human dedication, working hand in hand to revive the wonders that define our shared history.

Kata Püsök is currently in her fourth year at the law school of Eötvös Loránd University of Budapest. She is also a student of the Mathias Corvinus Collegium, and an intern at the European Parliament. Her main fields of interest are international criminal law and criminal psychology.