From Text to Action: World Models in Practice (Part I.)
In recent years, Large Language Models (LLMs) and their multimodal counterparts have advanced considerably, yet their ability to understand the physical world and predict consequences remains limited. World Models (WMs) aim to fill this gap by building internal, time-evolving representations
Between Child Protection and Mass Surveillance: The EU’s Chat Control Debate
Since 2023 the European Union has been preparing a regulation that aims to strengthen the protection of children online at the expense of digital privacy. According to the proposal, not only on mobile phones but on every digital device and
Relative Universalism vs. Positivist Uniformity: An Executive Summary for Practitioners and Policymakers
Why this debate matters now The European Union’s legal architecture rests on the supremacy of Union law, articulated through the doctrines established by the European Court of Justice (ECJ) in Costa v. ENEL (1964) and Simmenthal (1978). These doctrines enshrine a
Constitutional Duties in a Platform Society: Confronting the Privatization of Public Discourse in Hungarian Law
Hungary finds itself caught between two contrasting constitutional approaches to platform power: the United States’ near-complete deference to private autonomy and the European Union’s regulatory turn toward accountability. This paper argues that Hungarian constitutional doctrine, with its recognition of positive
Pythia in the Temple of Apollo – A Critical Look at the ICJ’s Consideration of Sea-Level Rise –
“(…) we have descended upon the Great Hall of Justice not unlike the high priestess Pythia once did at the Temple of Apollo — uttering a single sentence, the brevity of which belies its astonishing ramifications.” - Judge Tomka in his
Hype or Value? The Real Measure of Generative AI – Part II.
Generative AI has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years, yet in corporate applications a wide gap remains between promises and reality. Most projects do not deliver lasting and measurable benefits, although under certain conditions the technology can
A House Built on Rocks or Sand? An Economic Overview of the MFF 2028–2034
The EU unveils its €2T budget plan for 2028–2034, kicking off tough talks that will shape Europe’s priorities for the next seven years. The following is an economic take on the possible outcome of negotiations and the process itself. On July
The Tarnkappe of Judgment: The Binding Force of Hungarian Uniformity Decisions and the Primacy of EU Law
On September 10 2025, Verfassungsblog published To Uniformity and Beyond. Hungary’s Supreme Court and the Implementation of CJEU Rulings. The article raised important questions about how Hungarian judicial institutions interact with the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)
Hype or Value? The Real Measure of Generative AI – Part I.
Generative AI has received a great deal of attention in recent years, yet in practice a wide gap remains between its promises and its real-world impact on corporate applications. In fact, most projects fail to deliver lasting and measurable benefits,
